2/21/2023 0 Comments Anesthesia simulator recorder![]() Ake Grenvik, a Safar colleague at the University of Pittsburgh. The Laerdal company did not develop a higher fidelity mannequin until the mid-1990s when encouraged to do so by many, including Dr. This early simulator of a dying victim, not breathing and lacking a heart beat, became known as Resusci-Anne and has been widely used for CPR training. The possibility of training for the ABC (airway, breathing, circulation) of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) on the simulator was thus born. Based on evidence of the efficacy of closed chest massage, Safar later advised Laerdal to include an internal spring attached to the chest wall, which permitted simulation of cardiac compression. The airway could be obstructed, and it was necessary to use hyperextension of the neck and forward thrust of the chin to open the airway before initiating insufflation of air into the mannequin by the mouth to mouth technique that Safar had described. Peter Safar’s revelations about the superiority of mouth to mouth resuscitation. Bjorn Lind and other Norwegian anesthesiologists, following Dr. Created in the early 1960s, this mannequin for training in mouth to mouth ventilation was designed by Asmund Laerdal, a successful Norwegian manufacturer of plastic toys. While not computer driven and having relatively limited functionality, Resusci-Anne marks a beginning for discussion because it is widely used for medical training and is a progenitor of one of the two current commercial mannequin simulators. Issenberg et al presented an overview of simulators and trainers in several domains. Gaba has produced a detailed history of the development of mannequins and some screen simulators, particularly as they were first used in anesthesia, and he and his colleagues also reported on a 10 year experience in using simulation for crisis resource management training. We begin with the earliest published accounts of some part task trainers that are precursors to computer based simulators. ![]() ![]() A listing of part-task trainers for surgical and medical procedures (which we refer to as “procedural” simulators) and more limited discussion of their origins are also given to indicate the extent of activity in that area. ![]() In this brief history of medical simulation we focus primarily on the origin of mannequin simulators, especially those employing computer control, and we examine some of the pedagogy and evaluations of effectiveness that aided dissemination. Recounting stories of some key simulation technologies could be useful for informing future simulation advocates. While still in a relatively nascent stage of development, simulation for healthcare applications has already evolved through its initial historical phases. ![]()
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